CC flashcards

Security Principles

• CIA = Confidentiality (only authorized eyes), Integrity (accurate and unaltered), Availability (usable when needed)
• Match controls to properties: encryption protects confidentiality, hashing protects integrity, backups and redundancy protect availability
• DoS attacks and ransomware target availability; unauthorized modification targets integrity; snooping and breaches target confidentiality
• The three A's run in order: authentication proves who you are, authorization decides what you may do, accounting records what you did
• MFA requires two or more different factor types (know, have, are) - a password plus a PIN is still single-factor
• Non-repudiation means an action cannot be credibly denied; digital signatures are the primary mechanism
• Privacy governs personal data (PII) end to end - it uses confidentiality controls but also limits collection, use, and retention

• Risk = likelihood x impact; it exists only where a threat can exploit a vulnerability in an asset
• Threat is the external potential for harm; vulnerability is the internal weakness it exploits - keep them separate
• The lifecycle runs identify, assess, treat, monitor - and repeats forever; identification always comes first
• Qualitative assessment uses low/medium/high ratings and judgment; quantitative uses monetary values and expected loss
• The four risk responses are avoid (stop the activity), mitigate (apply controls), transfer (insurance/outsourcing), accept (documented, informed decision)
• Transfer shifts financial impact but never accountability; ignoring a risk is not acceptance
• Residual risk is what remains after controls - the goal is residual risk within the organization's appetite and tolerance, not zero risk
• Management, not the security analyst, formally accepts risk on behalf of the organization

• Laws and regulations are mandatory, externally imposed, and enforced with penalties
• GDPR protects EU personal data; HIPAA protects US health information: both are laws, not frameworks
• Frameworks such as the NIST CSF and ISO/IEC 27001 are voluntary structures for building a security program
• A policy is a mandatory, high-level statement of management intent
• A standard sets specific, measurable, mandatory requirements that support a policy
• A procedure is a mandatory step-by-step instruction for performing a task
• A guideline is the only optional document: it recommends, it never requires
• Detail increases as you move down: policy to standard to procedure

• Control type describes implementation: technical (logical), administrative (managerial), or physical
• Technical controls are enforced by hardware and software: firewalls, encryption, ACLs, IDS and IPS, MFA
• Administrative controls work through people and process: policies, training, background checks, risk assessments
• Physical controls protect tangible spaces: locks, guards, fences, badges, CCTV, mantraps
• A written password policy is administrative; the system enforcing it is technical
• Defense in depth layers controls of all three types so no single failure exposes the asset
• Functions describe purpose: preventive stops, detective finds, corrective restores, deterrent discourages, compensating substitutes
• One control has one type but can serve several functions, like CCTV being physical, detective, and deterrent

• Due care is action: taking the reasonable precautions a prudent person would take.
• Due diligence is investigation: the ongoing research and verification that informs due care.
• The four ISC2 canons in priority order: protect society; act honorably; serve principals; advance the profession.
• When canons conflict, the higher-listed canon always wins; duty to society outranks duty to an employer.
• Canon two makes legality a floor: unlawful conduct is automatically a Code violation.
• Adherence to the Code is a condition of certification; violations can be investigated and can cost you the credential.
• Prudent person in a question signals due care; assessing or verifying signals due diligence.
• Serving a principal never justifies harming the public or acting dishonestly.

Security Governance

• Governance is leadership setting direction: policy, accountability, and alignment of security with business objectives.
• Governance decides what should happen and verifies it did; management executes it day to day.
• Risk management keeps the organization operating within the risk appetite set by leadership.
• Compliance covers external laws and regulations plus the organization's own internal policies.
• Audits, internal and external, verify compliance by testing controls and reviewing evidence.
• Integrating GRC into one program prevents silos, duplicated effort, and inconsistent decisions.
• A GRC platform centralizes policies, risk registers, control mappings, and compliance evidence.

• BC keeps critical business functions running during a disruption; DR restores IT systems and data after it.
• DR is a subset of BC: BC covers people, processes, and facilities, while DR focuses only on IT.
• The BIA comes first: it identifies critical functions and their maximum tolerable downtime, and plans are built on it.
• RTO is how quickly a system must be restored: it measures downtime, forward from the outage.
• RPO is how much data loss is tolerable: it measures backward in time and dictates backup frequency.
• RAID and failover are redundancy against component failure; they are not backups and do not undo deletion or ransomware.
• Hot sites recover fastest at the highest cost, cold sites are cheapest but slowest, and warm sites sit between.
• An untested backup or DR plan is unproven: restores and recovery procedures must be exercised.

• Security is everyone's responsibility; leadership tone from the top and a blame-free reporting culture make awareness effective
• Social engineering manipulates people using authority, urgency, scarcity, familiarity, intimidation, and social proof
• Phishing is email-based; spear phishing targets a specific person, and whaling targets executives
• Smishing is phishing over SMS text messages; vishing is phishing over voice calls
• Pretexting invents a false scenario, baiting lures victims with a tempting item, and tailgating follows someone through a secure door
• Prefer long unique passphrases over short complex passwords, never reuse passwords, and use a password manager
• Multi-factor authentication defeats most credential theft because a stolen password alone is not enough
• The correct user response to a suspected attack is do not interact, verify out of band, and report it immediately

• You cannot manage what you do not measure; metrics turn security from faith into evidence for decisions
• Good metrics are meaningful and actionable; a number nobody acts on is a vanity metric
• Core security KPIs include patching timeliness, incident counts, MTTD, MTTR, and training completion rates
• MTTD measures time to discover an incident; MTTR measures time from detection to containment; shorter is better for both
• A KRI is a forward-looking, leading indicator that warns risk is rising before an incident occurs
• A KPI is typically a lagging measure of past performance; KRI wording cues are early warning and leading indicator
• KRIs are paired with thresholds that trigger escalation to management when crossed
• Dashboards give real-time operational views, scorecards rate performance against targets, and reports add narrative and recommendations tailored to the audience

Identity And Access Management (IAM) Concepts

• The identity life cycle is roles definition, provisioning, review, and deprovisioning, mapped to Joiner-Mover-Leaver.
• Define the access a role needs before granting it, and provision only that access: least privilege starts at provisioning.
• Every user gets a unique account; shared accounts destroy accountability.
• Privilege creep is the mover risk; periodic access reviews (recertification or attestation) detect and revoke unneeded access.
• Deprovision promptly at separation: disable first to preserve audit data, delete later per retention policy.
• An active account whose owner has left is an orphaned account, a prime attacker target.
• For involuntary terminations, disable access at or before the moment the person is told.
• IAM and IGA tools automate provisioning and deprovisioning, removing the delays that create orphaned accounts.

• Least privilege: grant the minimum access the job requires; need-to-know further restricts specific information.
• Separation of Duties splits a sensitive process so no one person can commit and conceal fraud; collusion becomes required.
• Dual control means two people act together on one task; job rotation and mandatory vacations detect long-running fraud.
• DAC: the resource owner decides; flexible, common in operating systems, weakest central control.
• MAC: the system enforces labels against clearances; most rigid, used in military and high-security settings; users cannot override.
• RBAC: access follows the job role; the scalable enterprise model and a defense against privilege creep.
• ABAC grants access by evaluating attributes and conditions such as department, device, and time.
• When a question asks which model, ask who decides: owner (DAC), system (MAC), role (RBAC), attributes (ABAC).

Networking and Cloud Security Concepts

• The OSI model has seven layers; the TCP/IP model has four, with the TCP/IP Application layer covering OSI layers 5 to 7.
• IP addresses and routing are Layer 3; MAC addresses and switches are Layer 2; TCP and UDP with port numbers are Layer 4.
• IPv4 addresses are 32-bit; IPv6 addresses are 128-bit, created because IPv4 addresses ran out.
• Firewalls filter traffic by rules on addresses, ports, and applications; stateful firewalls track connections while stateless ones judge each packet alone.
• Know the core ports: 22 SSH, 53 DNS, 80 HTTP, 443 HTTPS; Telnet on 23 and HTTP on 80 are the insecure versions of SSH and HTTPS.
• A VPN is an encrypted tunnel over an untrusted network that provides confidentiality; remote access connects one user, site-to-site connects whole networks.
• Use WPA3 or WPA2 for Wi-Fi; WEP and open networks are insecure, and Bluetooth should be non-discoverable when not pairing.
• IoT, embedded, and ICS devices are long-lived, rarely patched, and ship with weak defaults, so isolate them on their own network segment.

• Segmentation limits lateral movement: an attacker's foothold in one zone cannot freely reach systems in another.
• The DMZ is a buffer zone between the untrusted internet and the trusted internal network, and it is where public-facing servers belong.
• VLANs segment a network logically at Layer 2, letting one physical switch act as several isolated networks whose interconnections cross a control point.
• Micro-segmentation applies policy per individual workload, stopping lateral movement even between servers in the same segment.
• Defense in Depth layers multiple independent controls so that no single control's failure exposes the asset.
• Zero Trust's core principle is never trust, always verify: no implicit trust based on network location, every request authenticated and authorized.
• Zero Trust enforces least privilege, assumes breach, and uses micro-segmentation as a key enabler; it is an architecture, not a product.
• The castle-and-moat model fails because implicit trust by location cannot stop insiders, stolen credentials, or lateral movement.

• The five essential cloud characteristics: on-demand self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, measured service.
• IaaS rents infrastructure (you manage the OS up), PaaS rents a managed platform (you bring code and data), SaaS rents a finished application (you bring data and users).
• Deployment models by tenant: public (everyone), private (one organization), community (a group with shared requirements), hybrid (a bound combination).
• Shared responsibility: the provider secures the cloud (physical, hardware, virtualization); the customer secures what is in the cloud (data, access, configuration).
• Customer responsibility is greatest in IaaS, smaller in PaaS, and smallest in SaaS - the more the provider manages, the more security it absorbs.
• The customer is always responsible for their data, identities, and configuration, in every service model - including SaaS.
• In IaaS the customer patches the operating system; in PaaS and SaaS the provider does.
• A publicly exposed storage bucket is a customer misconfiguration, not a provider failure - accountability for data never transfers to the provider.

Security Operations and Incident Response

• Classification labels data by sensitivity (for example public, internal, confidential, restricted), and the label determines how strongly the data is protected.
• Masking obscures displayed values (showing only the last four digits); the underlying data still exists and there is no key to reverse it.
• Deleting or quick-formatting is not sanitization - the data remains recoverable; true sanitization is overwriting, degaussing (magnetic media only), or physical destruction.
• Data has three states - at rest (stored), in transit (moving), in use (processed) - and each needs protection.
• Symmetric encryption uses one shared key, is fast, suits bulk data (AES); its weakness is key distribution.
• Asymmetric encryption uses a public and private key pair (RSA), solves key distribution, enables digital signatures, but is slow.
• Hashing (SHA-256) is one-way, keyless, and proves integrity - it is not encryption and provides no confidentiality.
• Quantum-resistant (post-quantum) cryptography means algorithms designed to withstand attacks from quantum computers, which chiefly threaten today's asymmetric algorithms.

• Logs are the record of system events; monitoring means reviewing them continuously, not just after a breach.
• A SIEM aggregates, normalizes, and correlates logs from across the environment and raises alerts; the SOC operates it.
• Triage prioritizes security events by severity and business impact so analysts work the riskiest alerts first.
• Correlation links related events from different systems into one picture and reduces false positives.
• Match actors to motives: nation-state/APT = espionage, organized crime = money, hacktivist = ideology, insider = access abuse, script kiddie = notoriety.
• CTI turns threat data into actionable knowledge at strategic (executives), operational (managers), and tactical (SOC analysts) levels.
• MITRE ATT&CK catalogs adversary tactics (why) and techniques (how); the Cyber Kill Chain is a 7-stage attack sequence, and breaking one link stops the attack.

• An event is any observable occurrence; an incident is an event that harms or threatens confidentiality, integrity, or availability.
• The IRP is written and approved before an incident and defines roles, criteria, escalation paths, and procedures.
• NIST phase order: Preparation, then Detection and Analysis, then Containment, Eradication and Recovery, then Post-Incident Activity.
• Within the response: contain first to stop the spread, eradicate the cause, then recover systems, never in reverse order.
• SANS PICERL (Preparation, Identification, Containment, Eradication, Recovery, Lessons Learned) is the same process in six steps.
• The CSIRT is a predefined cross-functional team: lead, technical analysts, management, legal, communications, and HR.
• Chain of custody is the documented, unbroken record of who handled evidence, when, and how; a broken chain can make evidence inadmissible.
• A tabletop exercise rehearses the plan through a scripted discussion, without touching production, and plans must be tested regularly.

• You cannot protect what you do not know you have: the asset inventory is the foundation of asset protection.
• The asset lifecycle runs acquisition, deployment, use, maintenance, and secure disposal, with security duties at every stage.
• End of life assets receive no more security patches, so they must be replaced or, failing that, isolated and monitored.
• Media must be sanitized (overwritten, degaussed) or physically destroyed before disposal; deleting and reformatting are not enough.
• A secure baseline is the documented, approved, hardened configuration every system of a type must match.
• Configuration drift is unplanned deviation from the baseline; detect it with audits and correct it through change management.
• The change management order is request, review and approval, test, implement, document, with a rollback plan prepared before implementing.
• Emergency changes may be implemented before full approval, but they are always reviewed and documented afterward.

• Red team attacks, blue team defends, purple team is red and blue collaborating to improve both.
• Vulnerability scanning is automated, broad, and identifies known weaknesses; it does not exploit them.
• Penetration testing is authorized, manual, and deep: testers exploit vulnerabilities to demonstrate real impact.
• SAST examines source code without running it; DAST tests the running application from the outside.
• Threat modeling identifies threats during design; STRIDE is its recognition-level framework (Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information disclosure, Denial of service, Elevation of privilege).
• Physical penetration testing targets human and physical controls using phishing, tailgating, and impersonation.
• All legitimate security testing is authorized, scoped by rules of engagement, and documented; without authorization it is an attack.

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