DVA-C02 flashcards

Development with AWS Services

• Loose coupling with asynchronous messaging is the exam's default answer for resilience, burst absorption, and independent scaling
• Choreography = services reacting to events via EventBridge or SNS; orchestration = Step Functions centrally coordinating a visible workflow
• Fanout = one event to many consumers: SNS topic to multiple SQS queues, or an EventBridge rule with multiple targets
• Retry only transient errors, always with exponential backoff plus jitter — and make consumers idempotent, because at-least-once delivery guarantees duplicates
• SQS is a pull queue for one consuming app; SNS pushes to many subscribers; EventBridge routes on event content across AWS, custom, and SaaS sources
• Only API Gateway REST APIs give you mapping templates, request validators, and status-code overrides — HTTP APIs are cheaper but proxy-only
• Kinesis orders records per shard by partition key and lets multiple consumers replay data — unlike SQS, reading does not delete
• Guard third-party calls with timeouts, backoff retries, and a circuit breaker that fails fast while the dependency is down

• CPU scales with memory — memory is the primary performance dial, with roughly one vCPU at 1,769 MB
• Maximum timeout is 900 seconds (15 minutes); longer workloads need Step Functions or different compute, not a bigger timeout
• Asynchronous invocations are retried twice (three attempts total); synchronous invocations are never retried by Lambda — the caller must retry
• Prefer an onFailure Destination over a DLQ for async errors: it carries the error and response context, and supports SQS, SNS, EventBridge, or Lambda targets
• For SQS event sources, set the queue's visibility timeout to at least six times the function timeout and enable ReportBatchItemFailures so only failed records retry
• Reserved concurrency guarantees and caps capacity for free; provisioned concurrency pre-warms environments for a price — reserved is how much, provisioned is how fast
• A VPC-attached function loses internet access without a NAT gateway; use VPC endpoints for AWS services and RDS Proxy when Lambda exhausts database connections
• Initialize SDK clients and connections outside the handler — warm environments reuse them, and it is the cheapest cold-start optimization available

• Choose a high-cardinality partition key — a low-cardinality key creates hot partitions that no capacity setting can fix.
• LSI: same partition key, alternate sort key, table-creation only, supports strongly consistent reads. GSI: any keys, created anytime, eventually consistent only.
• Query reads only matching items; Scan reads the whole table and consumes capacity for every item scanned — filter expressions never reduce cost.
• Strongly consistent reads work on tables and LSIs, cost twice the RCUs, and are never available on a GSI.
• DynamoDB items max out at 400 KB — store large payloads in S3 and keep a pointer in the item.
• Lazy loading caches only what is read but risks staleness; write-through stays fresh but doubles write work — combine them with TTLs.
• DAX is the answer for microsecond DynamoDB reads with no cache logic; ElastiCache is the general-purpose cache for everything else.
• Match store to access pattern: S3 for objects, EBS for block, EFS for shared files, OpenSearch Service for full-text search and log analytics, MemoryDB for durable in-memory data.

Security

• User pool = authentication (who are you, JWTs); identity pool = authorization to AWS (temporary credentials).
• Only identity pools support unauthenticated guest access to AWS services.
• ID token = identity claims, access token = authorize API calls, refresh token = renew both — and it never goes to your API.
• IAM roles with temporary STS credentials always beat long-term access keys embedded anywhere.
• AssumeRole needs two allows: the role's trust policy names the caller, and the caller can sts:AssumeRole.
• Explicit deny beats every allow; anything not explicitly allowed is implicitly denied.
• Cognito authorizer = user pool JWTs with no code; Lambda authorizer = custom logic (cached); IAM auth = SigV4 for AWS callers.
• API keys and usage plans meter clients — they are never an authentication mechanism.

• KMS Encrypt takes at most 4 KB of plaintext — anything larger means envelope encryption with GenerateDataKey.
• Envelope encryption: GenerateDataKey → encrypt locally → store the encrypted data key with the data → Decrypt to unwrap.
• SSE-KMS is the answer when a scenario demands an audit trail of key usage or control over who can decrypt.
• SSE-C: you supply the key on every request and S3 never stores it; client-side: AWS never sees plaintext at all.
• Cross-account KMS needs both sides: the key policy must allow the external account, and its IAM policies must allow the key's ARN.
• Automatic rotation is yearly — opt-in for customer managed symmetric keys, always-on for AWS managed keys; imported material never auto-rotates.
• Old ciphertext still decrypts after rotation — KMS retains every version of the backing key material.
• ACM public certs are free and auto-renew with DNS validation; internal TLS and mTLS certificates come from AWS Private CA.

• "Automatic rotation" or rotating database credentials means Secrets Manager; "free" or "no additional cost" configuration means Parameter Store standard tier.
• Parameter Store SecureString values are encrypted with KMS but never rotate themselves; retrieving one requires GetParameter with WithDecryption set to true.
• Cross-account secret access is a Secrets Manager resource-based policy — Parameter Store sharing is limited to advanced-tier parameters via AWS RAM.
• Never hardcode credentials in code, repos, AMIs, or container images — attach an IAM role and let the SDK credential provider chain supply temporary credentials.
• Lambda environment variables are KMS-encrypted at rest by default, but anyone who can read the function configuration sees the values — store a secret's name there, not the secret.
• Fetch secrets during initialization, cache them in the execution environment with a TTL, and refetch on authentication failure to survive rotation; the Parameters and Secrets Lambda Extension provides this caching prebuilt.
• Mask or redact PII before it is logged; CloudWatch Logs data protection policies mask detected PII in log groups as a backstop.
• Pool-model tenant isolation in DynamoDB = tenant ID as the leading partition key plus an IAM dynamodb:LeadingKeys condition on per-tenant scoped temporary credentials.

Deployment

• Lambda zip packages: 50 MB zipped for direct upload, 250 MB unzipped including layers; Lambda container images go up to 10 GB via ECR.
• Match artifact to target: zip or container image for Lambda, ECR images for ECS/EKS, and a root-level zip source bundle for Elastic Beanstalk.
• Lambda layers share dependencies across functions (up to 5 per function) but still count toward the 250 MB unzipped limit — they are not a size workaround.
• Lambda has one sizing knob: CPU scales with memory (about 1 vCPU at 1,769 MB); ECS separates task-level envelopes from container-level limits.
• Build one artifact and promote it unchanged; inject per-environment values via environment variables, Parameter Store, or AWS AppConfig — never rebuild per environment.
• AppConfig deploys configuration like code: validators (JSON Schema or Lambda) check it, deployment strategies roll it out gradually, and alarms trigger rollback.
• Source, IaC templates, and lock files live in Git; built artifacts live in S3/ECR, package dependencies in CodeArtifact; secrets live in none of these.
• Enable ECR tag immutability (or pin digests) so a deployed tag can never silently point at different code.

• sam local invoke runs one function in Docker; sam local start-api emulates API Gateway for HTTP calls; sam local start-lambda exposes the Lambda invoke API to SDKs and test code.
• Unit tests mock AWS SDK calls for fast logic feedback; integration tests against real dev-stage resources catch what mocks cannot — IAM, configuration, and service behavior.
• API Gateway mock integrations return configured responses with no backend — use them to develop against an API whose real backend does not exist yet.
• One API Gateway API hosts multiple stages (dev/test/prod), each with its own invoke URL, settings, and stage variables — and changes are invisible until deployed to a stage.
• sam deploy to an existing stack is a CloudFormation update; preview it with a change set (--no-execute-changeset) to see adds, modifies, and replacements before they happen.
• sam sync --watch (SAM Accelerate) pushes code-only changes to a dev stack in seconds by bypassing CloudFormation — development environments only, never production.
• Validate an EventBridge rule with TestEventPattern before injecting events with put-events.
• Async outcomes cannot be asserted directly: stamp events with correlation IDs, then poll the target state (queue, table, logs) with a timeout instead of sleeping.

• Lambda receives a service-specific JSON event — API Gateway wraps the whole HTTP request, while SQS and S3 deliver a Records array.
• sam local generate-event prints realistic sample payloads you can commit to the repo and replay in automated tests.
• Shareable test events are stored in the EventBridge schema registry so the whole team tests with identical payloads.
• A Lambda version is an immutable snapshot; an alias is a movable pointer — test against aliases, never $LATEST.
• Mutable image tags like latest can change underneath you; immutable tags or digests pin test environments to approved builds.
• SAM is a CloudFormation superset (via its Transform) and the CDK synthesizes to CloudFormation — one engine, one rollback model.
• A change set previews an update before execution; a failed update automatically rolls the stack back to its last working state.
• API Gateway changes go live only when you create a new deployment and attach it to a stage.

• CodePipeline orchestrates; CodeBuild builds and tests; CodeDeploy deploys; CodeArtifact hosts packages.
• buildspec.yml drives CodeBuild (install, pre_build, build, post_build); appspec.yml drives CodeDeploy.
• Lambda and ECS appspec hooks are Lambda functions validating a traffic shift; ValidateService exists only for EC2/on-premises.
• "Different Lambda per stage" means API Gateway stage variables referencing a Lambda alias in the integration ARN.
• "Zero downtime" points to blue/green or immutable; "shift 10% of traffic" points to canary.
• Canary10Percent5Minutes shifts 10% of traffic to the new version, waits five minutes, then shifts the rest.
• Blue/green rollback is fastest because the old environment is still running — recovery is just shifting traffic back.
• CodeDeploy rolls back automatically when the deployment fails or an attached CloudWatch alarm fires.

Troubleshooting and Optimization

• Metrics say something is wrong, logs say why, traces say where — alarm, query, trace, in that order.
• A 502 from API Gateway with a healthy Lambda function almost always means a malformed proxy response: statusCode missing or body not a string.
• 504 means the integration exceeded API Gateway's 29-second default timeout; 429 means throttling or quota; 403 is auth or WAF, never throttling.
• ThrottlingException and ProvisionedThroughputExceededException call for exponential backoff with jitter — which AWS SDKs apply automatically.
• ConditionalCheckFailedException is a DynamoDB condition expression doing its job — handle it in application logic, don't blindly retry.
• Embedded metric format publishes custom metrics through log lines: asynchronous, no PutMetricData throttling, context preserved.
• For failed deployments read the service's own output: the first CloudFormation CREATE_FAILED event, the failed CodeBuild phase, the failed CodeDeploy lifecycle hook.
• When an event source stops invoking Lambda, check the event source mapping state and its permissions before the code.

• Logging records events, monitoring watches known thresholds, observability lets you diagnose problems you never predicted from telemetry you already emit.
• Never log secrets, tokens, or PII; log state transitions and identifiers at a level set by environment variable, and set log group retention explicitly.
• Structured JSON logs with a correlation ID propagated across every hop make one transaction queryable end to end in Logs Insights.
• Embedded metric format publishes metrics through log lines — asynchronous and immune to PutMetricData throttling; every unique dimension combination is a separate metric.
• X-Ray annotations are indexed and filterable (up to 50 per segment); metadata holds any JSON but can never appear in a filter expression.
• Default X-Ray sampling traces the first request each second plus 5% of the rest; Lambda active tracing runs the daemon for you.
• Metric thresholds alert via CloudWatch alarms to SNS, with composite alarms to cut noise; discrete events like deployment completions route via EventBridge rules.
• Readiness gates traffic and liveness gates restarts — and deep health checks on shared dependencies can cascade one blip into a fleet-wide outage.

• Concurrency is requests in flight: for Lambda, concurrent executions ≈ request rate × average duration, so faster code needs less concurrency.
• Provisioned concurrency answers "consistently low latency"; reserved concurrency caps a function to protect downstream systems.
• More Lambda memory also buys more CPU — a memory sweep (AWS Lambda Power Tuning) often cuts cost because duration falls faster than the rate rises.
• Use RDS Proxy to pool and multiplex Lambda-to-RDS connections instead of letting every concurrent execution open its own.
• SNS filter policies and EventBridge event patterns deliver only relevant messages — never filter after delivery in consumer code.
• Long polling (WaitTimeSeconds up to 20) removes empty ReceiveMessage responses, cutting SQS cost and delivery latency; batch APIs move up to 10 messages per request.
• Cache-key discipline: include only the headers, query strings, and cookies that change the response — forwarding everything destroys the hit ratio.
• Judge latency by p99, not average, and read Init Duration in Lambda REPORT lines to separate cold starts from real bottlenecks.

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